CCI Programmable Joystick Interface

Sinclair User

HARDWARE WORLD With ever-increasing amounts of peripherals available for Sinclair computers, users are finding it more and more difficult to know what to buy. We present a buyer's guide to joysticks, keyboard and printers and review the best of the rest from the 1984 add-on market. Joysticks are a popular addition to the Spectrum and many people find it essential for zapping aliens or flying a simulator. In the last year there have been a number of interfaces and joysticks launched, some with more success than others. Nearly all joysticks have accepted a common standard, that of Atari which was the first company to add joysticks to a computer. The style of the joysticks may vary but the connection to the interface remains the same. To use a joystick some form of interface is needed. One, or more, of three standards are normally used. 'Cursor', sometimes known as 'Protek', simulates the four cursor keys for the directions with 0 as fire, 'Sinclair' allows for up to two joysticks and simulates keys 1 to 5 and 6 to 0 respectively and 'Kempston' which does not simulate any of the keys but uses a port address. The most common of those is the Kempston but it is by no means universal. To overcome that a programmable interface can be used which allows you to use any key for any direction or fire. The method of programming varies, some need a tape to be LOADed, while others require you to press a key and then to move the joystick in the direction which that key will simulate; some have physical connections which must be made to signify the key and others simply use a stored memory of which keys are to be used. GRANT DESIGNS & EEC Two designs combine the interface and joystick in one. The Grant Designs Spectrum Stick and a similar one from EEC clip to the Spectrum keyboard over the cursor keys and use a mechanical system to press the keys. Inside the Spectrum Stick there are two frames which move independently up and down, and left and right; to those are attached ramps which push little feet onto the relevant keys. The EEC joystick is more substantial. The casing is a one-piece moulding which fits snugly onto the Spectrum case. Inside that the stick is securely joined to a shaped plate which presses on one or more levers which in turn depress the key. Both are priced at £9.95 and are far cheaper than anything else on the market. Provided they are used with restraint they are better than nothing. RAM TURBO INTERFACE The RAM Turbo interface from Fleet Electronics is what the Sinclair Interface 2 should have been and was not. As well as having two joystick ports, it has a ROM cartridge slot. Moreover, one of the joystick ports can be used for Kempston compatible games and the other can be used as a Protek compatible port. It is similar in size to the Interface 2 but the rear connector is full Spectrum-size as opposed to the Interface 2 ZX-81 size. The area surrounding the joystick port is large enough to take a standard joystick connector. Users who have either built their own joystick or use the Flight Link joystick will have found problems with Interface 2 as the left-hand, most commonly used, port is too near the raised ROM slot. In order to prevent users fitting the interface with the power on (the surest way to blow up your Spectrum) it incorporates a 'Spectrum Protect Adapter', a loop of plastic which covers the power socket on the Spectrum so that the lead must be removed before fitting. If you are considering the Interface 2 then think again; the RAM Turbo interface is better designed and better value for money, costing £22.95. PROTEK INTERFACE The new switchable interface from Protek can be configured for all three of the standards by using a switch on the back. The interface is dead-ended, so it must be the last add-on fitted. As with the Turbo interface, it is liable to crash if used with a twin fire button joystick. Its main drawback is that in the Protek position the top row of keys is disabled, while in the Sinclair position only the 6,7,8,9 and 0 keys are disabled, which could make some games difficult to play. The switch would have to be moved, the key pressed, and the switch returned to its original position. Despite the above problems, which should not affect most users, the interface is easy to use and covers most games on the market. It is priced at £19.95. ELR INTERFACE The programmable interface from East London Robotics for the Spectrum has the distinction of being the cheapest on the market at only £10.00, if bought together with a Trickstick. The interface, as ELR would be the first to admit, was designed to be 'cheap and cheerful' and it is, even to the extent of being uncased. In order to program it small metal clips are used to connect pins which represent the various rows and columns of the keys on the keyboard. That is fiddly and time consuming if you need to reprogram it, but has the advantage that once programmed it is usable from power up. If the interface is purchased separately its price is £15.00. COMCON INTERFACE Frel Ltd market the ComCon programmable interface. Any key on the keyboard can be programmed and there is provision for two fire buttons. To match the interface Frel also markets two compatible joysticks. The interface is of simple design and to program it you have to plug the relevant lead into the pin you want. That can be done with a program running and the keyboard is not disabled. Any joystick with a standard plug can be used and if that has only one fire button then the F1 lead is used. To allow for other add-ons there is an extender card which rises vertically from the front of the board. The two joysticks which Frel markets are the Flightlink and the Quickshot II which has been adapted to have the independent fire buttons, F1 on the trigger and F2 on top. At £19.95 the interface is one of the least expensive and the ease of programming should ensure steady sales. The two joysticks are £10.50 for the Flightlink and £13.95 for the Quickshot, both less £2.00 if ordered with the interface. CCI INTERFACE The interface from Custom Cable International needs a software tape to program it. It can accept any standard joystick; there is no extender card, so it must be the last add-on plugged in. Programming the interface is straightforward. In all, only 10 keypresses are needed plus two to confirm everything is order. The program is written entirely in BASIC which makes it very easy to customise. This is a good interface and competitively priced at £15.00, but it could have been even better if the instructions had been more detailed. PAGE & RAINBOW The Page and Rainbow interfaces are of the kind where you must push a key, move the joystick, release the joystick again for the four positions plus fire, again for the diagonals, again for the diagonals plus fire and finally the fire button on its own. All of that can be done with the game running as the keyboard can still be used. Some people will find that time consuming and fiddly. The one really useful feature of the Page interface is a rapid fire switch. When that is in the up position it simulates the fire button being held down, very handy for the 'zap everything in sight' type of game. The Rainbow interface includes a beep amplifier. With the Rainbow interface at £24.00 and the Page one at £26.00, they deserve consideration provided you do not mind the time and hassle of programming them. FOX ELECTRONICS The programmable interface from Fox Electronics, on the other hand, is probably the easiest of all to program. You only have to flick a switch once you have told it which keys to use. When the switch is up a menu is displayed on the screen. You have the option of creating a new key set, from any of the forty keys or selecting, with a single keystroke, one of the sixteen sets already created. Pressing the E key exits to Basic to load the game and programs the joystick. If necessary the key sets can be saved on tape. Leaving the switch down enables the Spectrum to ignore interface. Inside the interface is a RAM chip and a small ni-cad battery, and on power down it retains the information in its memory for a minimum of six months. When switched on the interface pages the Spectrum ROM and jumps to the program held in its RAM. The program then transfers itself into the Spectrum RAM, pages the ROM back in and puts the menu on the screen. On pressing the E key the program transfers itself back into its own RAM, sets up the joystick and clears the Spectrum memory. Any new key sets created are therefore saved in the process. All that sounds clever but it also has two beneficial side-effects. When the switch is down, the interface causes a hardware reset; in other words, if you have a game running you can jump out of it without pulling the plug - a saving on plug wear. Secondly, details are available from Fox for a machine code programmer to adapt the interface as a pseudo ROM. Often used routines such as toolkits, printer driver programs or complete character sets could then be loaded at the flick of a switch. At £28.95 the interface is excellent value. TRICKSTICK One of the more unusual joystick devices launched in 1984 was the long awaited Trickstick from East London Robotics. In fact, to describe it as a joystick is misleading. It is a 7in long black cylinder with six touch sensitive pads which simulate the four joystick movements, plus two fire buttons. The Trickstick comes with an interface, up to eight of which can be plugged in at any one time, and has the option to give proportional movement on specially written games. It simulates the Kempston joystick so there are many games available on which it can be used. The touch pads use your body as an aerial to pick up mains hum. That is converted by the electronics to simulate the key press. As some people are better aerials than others the sensitivity of the stick can be altered by a small screw near the top. A minor fault is that the lead from the interface to the stick fouls the power lead. It takes some getting used to unlike a joystick, but once mastered is just as useful. As it has no moving parts it should stand up to wear and tear and it is quicker than most others. It costs £34.50. Nineteen eighty-four has been a quiet year for standard joysticks with only two given much publicity. DELTA 3S The Delta 38 from Voltmace has two independent fire buttons, one of which is doubled up for left or right handed players, and rotary switches are used on it. Those switches give it a light action and it can be comfortably held in the hand. At £10.00 the joystick is good value, its solid construction should ensure long life. SUPER CHAMP The Super Champ, currently marketed by Dean Electronics, is unusual in that the cable is held in the base. For use the cable is pulled out and, when you have finished, rotating the stick winds the cable inside. The stick is very long and thin and has two fire buttons, one on top and one in the trigger position; those both operate the same switch. The base is, as expected, larger than usual and has four rubber suckers underneath. Because the stick rotates there has to be a certain amount of play in the pivot. That makes precise control difficult unless you hold down the centre. Despite that the joystick works tolerably and the convenience of not having the wire lying around almost makes up for it. The Super Champ is priced at £12.95. RAT Finally, if the advertising is to be believed, the age of conventional joysticks is past and the future belongs to the RAT and its offspring. The RAT (Remote Action Transmitter) operates in a similar fashion to TV remote control handsets; you simply wave it in the general direction of the screen and press the touch-sensitive movement and fire buttons. It is sold with a receiving unit that connects to the Spectrum and is compatible with most popular Spectrum software. The RAT is powered by a normal PP3 battery which fits into the underbelly of the handset. The first of its kind, the RAT suffers minor teething problems and can cause excessive handache but, like the Trickstick, you will soon grow fond of it. The price is £29.95 from Cheetah Marketing and high street stores. Grant Designs, Bank House, Reepham, Norwich, Norfolk NR10 4JJ. Tel: (0603) 870852. EEC, [redacted]. RAM Electronics (Fleet) Ltd, [redacted]. Protek, [redacted]. East London Robotics Ltd, [redacted]. Frel Ltd, [redacted]. Custom Cables International Ltd, [redacted]. Page Computing, [redacted]. Rainbow Electronics, [redacted]. Fox Electronics, [redacted]. Voltmace Ltd, [redacted]. Dean Electronics Ltd, [redacted]. Cheetah Marketing Ltd, [redacted].

ComCon.

Custom Cables International.

Delta 3S.

EEC.

East London Robotics.

Fox Electronics.

Page.

Protek.

Quickshot II.

RAM Turbo.

RAT.

Super Champ.

Trickstick.

Interface: Grant Programmables: No Cursor: Yes Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £9.95 Interface: EEC Programmables: No Cursor: Yes Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £9.95 Interface: RAM Turbo Programmables: No Cursor: Yes Sinclair: Yes Kempston: Yes x2 Fire: No Price: £22.95 Interface: Protek Programmables: No Cursor: Yes Sinclair: Yes Kempston: Yes x2 Fire: No Price: £19.95 Interface: ELR Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: Yes Price: £15.00 Interface: ComCon Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: Yes Price: £19.95 Interface: CCI Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £15.00 Interface: Page Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £26.00 Interface: Rainbow Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £24.00 Interface: Fox Programmables: Yes Cursor: No Sinclair: No Kempston: No x2 Fire: No Price: £28.95

ZX Computing

INTERFACITS - JOYSTICK INTERFACING INVESTIGATED A comprehensive round up of the units available - checked out by our team of reviewers. One of the first add-ons that a computer owner may contemplate buying is a joystick of some kind. The increase in control that this provides is of obvious benefit to the dedicated games player. In addition it is becoming increasingly necessary for some of the complex graphics packages that are appearing for the Spectrum. However if you have not yet taken the plunge and are now contemplating the purchase of some form of controller you have a difficult choice ahead of you. In essence, most of the actual joysticks are very similar, and your eventual purchase will be based upon personal preferences for shape, size, ease of use etc., but the biggest decision to make will be that concerning the vital link between your joystick and the computer i.e. the INTERFACE. Interfaces allow the use of joysticks with compatible software, and although there is a great variety of material available for use with all the more common interfaces no single one will give you control over every game, unless, of course you opt for a PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE. These claim to give you joystick compatibility with ALL software. NON PROGRAMMABLE KEMPSTON £11.95 Probably the nearest thing to a "standardised" interface. This unit has been around almost as long as the Spectrum itself and most games have a Kempston option. The unit works by utilising the IN31 function and so the keyboard is not enabled. This also means that a program must cater specifically for it and some of the earlier games don't. To get over this Kempston market a set of tapes which will convert some of these to operate with their interface, each of these will cost £4.95. The box plugs into the port of the back of the Spectrum and the joystick plugs into a standard 9 pin socket at the front of the unit. This means that the joystick leads trail over the keyboard and if you have a full sized keyboard then this plus the fact that the box has a "lip" means that fitting it is a great problem. Although it's starting to show it's age there's still plenty of life in this well tried and loved device. INTERFACE II Sinclair Research £19.95 A multi purpose unit which includes two joystick sockets, a ROM cartridge socket and a limited through port. Sir Clive in his wisdom, decided to use his own "standard" for operating his interface and this is not the same as Kempston. This means that many of the earlier games will not operate with it although most of the recent programs incorporate an Interface II option. In fact many games have a larger choice of joystick options than gameplay options! When provided, two joysticks can be used simultaneously and this is the greatest advantage of this unit. It has been on the market for quite a while now and the presumed flood of cartridge programs has not materialised. This is really the power of this unit and if they are not going to be produced then it has limited value as a joystick interface. RAM TURBO RAM Electronics (Fleet) Ltd. £22.95 Similar to the Sinclair Interface II, this unit has two joystick sockets and a cartridge slot, also has a through port but in the Turbo it is a full one unlike the Interface II. The Sinclair format is not used, but both Kempston (IN31 and Protek (cursor keys systems are supported. I don't know if this means that only one joystick at a time can be used and we never received a review unit. GAMES ACE VOX BOX Datel Electronics £29.95 Although requested, neither of these units were sent for review, so I'll just give a mention of the information available. Games Ace works on the Kempston function so it will be compatible with that option, it also has the bonus of including circuitry to output the sound to the TV where the volume can be controlled. Vox Box is the same as the Games Ace but also includes speech synthesizer based on the allophone system. Sounds interesting. PRO JOYSTICK INTERFACE Kempston Micro Electronics Ltd. £19.95 After a long run with their bes selling interface Kempston have decided to introduce this mode;. Similar in many respects to the Sinclair Interface II it seems much more versatile. As it's hot off the production line we haven't yet seen one. However, I'm told that it has three separate 9-pin plugs which cover Kempston's own system, Sinclair I/F II standard and the AGF/Protek cursor key format. There is also a ROM cartridge port. With Kempston's experience in the market it's got to be worth a look. SOLIDISK Technology Ltd. £8.50 One of the cheapest interfaces on the market, this one operates on the Kempston standard and is claimed to be wobble free. Sold complete with a Quickshot-style joystick for £15.50. Even more useful is that should you forget to change the switch or get the wrong option then you can safely change the option once the program has been loaded and is actually running! An interface which I would recommend to any dedicated games player who requires a simple, effective means of joystick control. Protek also market a presentation pack of joystick, interface and their own flight simulation program for £24.95. AGF JOYSTICK INTERFACE II £9.95 AGF have two joystick interfaces on the market at the moment - one programmable and the other not. Interface II is the non-programmable one, but there are versions for both the ZX81 and the Spectrum. The interface will accept a wide range of joysticks including Atari, Starfighter, Le Stick etc. and has facility for a second joystick to be used. There isn't much to it in the way of hardware, just a few plugs and sockets and six chips. I noticed they have rubbed off the numbers on the chips to deter people making their own, but at £9.95 it's not worth the bother. The interface just clips on the back of your computer and has a rear extension for more add-ons. With a joystick plugged straight in it will mimic keys 5, 6, 7, 8 and 0 and the second port will give you T, Y, U, I and P. To convert games that do not use these keys, you will have to purchase AGF's software and you have a choice of two cassettes. Tape one will convert Arcadia, Schizoids, Hungry Horace, Horace goes Skiing, Spectres, Penetrator and tape two converts Centipede, Planetoids, Jet Pac, PSSST, 3D Combat Zone and Invaders. After you have loaded the cassette it will ask you which game you would like to play and after running the tape further it will automatically find the corresponding software to convert that game and tells you when to load your game. On the inlay, it lists the games you can use the interface with. I would have thought it would have been better to list the key operations as well so that it would be easy to find what other games you could play with it. You can buy the interface, software and joystick direct from AGF if you cannot find it at your local store. Cassettes are £4.95. It is a slightly 'Heath Robinson' way of connecting a joystick but it is cheap. DK'TRONICS JOYSTICK INTERFACE DK'Tronics Ltd. £13.00 Another little shiny black box (7 x 5 x 2.5cm.) to get quickly forgotten somewhere between joystick and computer is the DK'Tronics Joystick Interface. It has a firm positive fit into the expansion port at the rear of the Spectrum, although because only 22 of the contacts on the edge connector are used, the actual fitting tends to require more care and caution than with other units. There are two nine pin, 'D' type ports at the top of the unit and both are clearly identifiable. The first is for use with software using a key change option or using 6, 7, 8, 9 or 0 keys. The second port uses the IN31 command is therefore for use (software compatible) with the Kempston type joystick. The test routines and a few example programs (one using machine code) are given in the accompanying instruction leaflet, for those people who want to stretch themselves beyond being mere players, who want to incorporate their joystick and interface into their own programs. And for those programmers who want to use two joysticks to control two separate objects at the same time on the screen, then both ports of this interface can be incorporated simultaneously into programs. Just out of interest, I wonder how many micro-users actually do use their joysticks and interfaces for anything else besides playing commercially produced games? PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACES Rainbow Electronics £24.00 (+3.00 extra for a through-port) Another interface which never made it to our office in time for this roundup. The interface includes a built in amp and speaker, the joystick socket and the programming switch are positioned at the front (with all the associated problems). CCI (Cusom Cables International) £15.00 This unit is programmed by means of software supplied on tape, and this means that you have to load in the program supplied before loading your game. This isn't a great problem as it is a short program and setting up the keys is straightforward and only takes a few minutes. The unit we had didn't have any instructions. CCI promise that they are supplied with each purchase - we just had "a very early preview model". Nevertheless I found it simplicity itself to operate even without them - which can't be bad. The only problem is that some games don't tell you which keys the program uses so you have to load them in first to find out! This is only a problem the first time round because, being sensible, you kept a record for the next time, didn't you? The unit proved reliable and effective over a three week period of constant and frequent use and I see no reason why it shouldn't perform admirably for a long, long time. At the price it is probably one of the cheapest of it's kind and worth considering if, as it is for me, money is a prime factor. PROGRAMMABLE JOYSTICK INTERFACE Stonechip Electronics £24.45 As with most similar interfaces this is simply a plug-in unit which requires no additional links such as flywires of extra tapes to load. The unit itself measures 90 x 75 x 35mm and is contoured to fit snugly to the rear of your Spectrum. It features a three-way switch at the front enabling the user to select any of the three modes; Program, Play or Normal operation (where control relies upon the keyboard alone). The interface draws its power from the computer and a small red L.E.D. indicates power on. A standard 9 pin Atari-style joystick socket allows the use of your favourite zap-em-stick! It is at this stage that my first complaint appears. No doubt many satisfied users will disagree, but why, when an increasing number of games require the use of at least two extra hands, does the port have to be placed so that the joystick lead runs right across the keyboard? Programming of the interface is fairly easy - set the selector to the Program position, press the appropriate direction key and move the joystick into the relevant (or not so relevant) position. The small, but adequate, instruction sheet advises that the most complex functions be dealt with first and this gives rise to the second little quibble. As opposed to certain other interfaces available, the Stonechip requires the FIRE function to be input separately for each and every direction. This is sometimes not all that easy when you require one hand for the keyboard, one for the fire button and direction and one to stop the mobile joystick from sliding off the table! Apart from that, the programming of this interface is a straightforward, it not lengthy, process. Programming complete, just move the selector to Play and away you go! One additional feature is the Normal position that allows the joystick to be removed without loss or corruption of the keys already programmed. The unit was tested with a variety of joysticks and performed perfectly well with all of them. Included in the instructions is a sample program to enable practice - programming prior to testing on the real thing. If a Programmable interface is the sort that you require then this should be considered. It is slightly expensive in comparison to some of the updated and newer models now appearing, but nevertheless is a tried and tested product that has stood the test of time. THE CAMBRIDGE JOYSTICK INTERFACE £34.95 (including joystick) This interface has a through-port at the back which is very useful for using other units like speech or sound devices. The unit also has a lip on the front to help prevent "wobble" but if you have a non-standard keyboard it gets in the way. There is the usual nine pin plug on the left hand side for the joystick and the overall size is 11.5cm x 3.5cm x 7.5cm. To use the interface you have to load a tape first which programs the interface to respond to the appropriate keys. If the game you're using fails to give this information on the instructions then you have to load the game first to find out! However once you have programmed a set of key-sequences, they can be saved on tape (the reverse side of the tape has been left blank for this purpose and provision is also made for saving to microdrive) and many games can be saved at one time. You are able to check the joystick position at the end of the programming sequence. This interface is sold complete with a joystick and tape - the joystick is available separately and is reviewed as such. The interface is a bit fiddly to use but has proved compatible with all software tried, but when an option of joystick or keyboard is offered from within a program, you must use the keyboard one as the joystick option frequently does not work. PROGRAMMABLE JOYSTICK INTERFACE Downsway Electronics (UK) Ltd. £22.95 The Downsway Programmable Interface, which has been available for quite some time now, is at first sight rather a plain black unit which plugs directly into the Spectrum's rear expansion port. It measures 65 x 95 x 25mm and has a dual-position switch on the rear and a standard 9-pin joystick socket on the right side of the unit. This is one of the advantages that this interface has over some other units currently available, in that the keyboard is left uncluttered by control cables and therefore can be used in conjunction with the joystick. This gives the user a wide range of control options which can be a distinct benefit considering the handful of keys that some programs demand. A small instruction sheet provided with the interface gives all the information that is needed to make your joystick compatible with any program. Programming of the interface can be achieved either prior to loading a game or after the game has loaded. This facility takes care of all those programs that have no detailed instructions on the cassette inlay. To use this unit is simplicity itself - with the dual position switch in 'program' mode press the key for the specified command and move the joystick to the appropriate position. Release joystick and key then repeat for all other movements. In essence that's all there is to it! After programming (a few minutes work) switch to the 'play' mode and away you go! In operation the unit performed perfectly and on the odd occasion when a mistake was made it was a simple matter to re-program the offending key without the necessity of going through the entire procedure again. The FIRE command is independent of direction command and this means that FIRE has only to be programmed once, as opposed to the multiple movement/fire operations needed with some interfaces. The unit was tested with several joysticks ranging from the cheapest to one of the most expensive available and it performed equally well with all, the only noticeable difference being a somewhat coarser movement with one of the cheaper joysticks. Of the many programs used with this interface only two gave any problems - keys could be programmed but pressing the fire button caused the game to restart. As it happens the particular games weren't intended for joystick use anyway! In conclusion, if a joystick interface is high on your list of priorities then it may well be worth your while paying a bit more for the extra flexibility that this excellent little unit provides. FOX PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE Fox Electronics Ltd. £34.95 I have used this unit consistently over a four week period with a wide variety of games and I recommend it to anyone looking for such a unit. It is a rather large unit and the long suffering DK'Tronics keyboard needed another bit removed before it would fit! The standard case presents no problems however. The unit has a through port so you can use other interfaces behind it, the Currah micro speech unit worked fine at the back, and the standard 9 pin joystick socket is near the bottom of the right hand side of the case. just above the socket is a small, two-way (up/down) switch. On power up the switch should be in the down position - switching it up instantly presents on screen a menu of 16 possible combinations of responses and options to create or select a set or to exit. The more knowledgeable among you will have worked out that the unit must contain a programmable chip of some sort. The program and set of key combinations are kept permanently refreshed by a battery which is constantly recharged. What happens if something goes wrong? The interface is supplied with a back up tape and also your own sets of positions can be saved on tape and easily reloaded into memory if needed. A few times I had to perform this operation due to the awkward fit with the keyboard but it was no real problem. Documentation is good, covering all the operational details and also how to use it as a pseudo ROM. All in all easy to use and one of the most impressive joystick interfaces I've used. AGF PROGRAMMABLE JOYSTICK INTERFACE £26.95 AGF sell a version of this interface for both the Spectrum and the ZX81 and both cost £26.95. The interface works by duplicating the keyboard layout with a grid of wires. The wires ending in crocodile clips can be attached to the various grid wires to route specific keys to the joystick. This means that all games can be controlled by joystick although you must use the keyboard option and not the joystick one when provided. The joystick is connected by a standard 9 pin 0 socket so it is compatible with the majority of the sticks on the market, two sockets are provided for two sticks for two players to play alternatively. Both sockets operate on the same keys and both sockets and the keyboard are always operative. A possible cause for dispute when used by two players! A set of quick reference cards, a demo tape and a stick on chart completes the package. The sight of uncased wires and chips may put off some users, but treated reasonably, this is an almost foolproof method of providing joystick control to any game. The unit has a through port and further peripherals can be added afterwards, I used a Centronics interface and a speech unit with it and had no problems. SWITCHABLE INTERFACE Protek Computing Ltd. £19.95 An interesting and unusual idea from Protek is to provide the ability to switch between the common interface options. The interface has a three way switch at the back marked, logically, 1, 2 and 3. Setting the switch will give you compatibility with Protek/AGF (cursor keys), Kempston and Sinclair Interface II formats respectively. Between these three options I should think that around 90% of the software on the market can be used with this unit. The only programs which will cause problems are those where no joystick options are provided and keys other than the cursor keys are used, and there can't be many of those! The case is quite small and neat with the usual 9-pin plug fitted in the right hand side of the unit. This is a handy position to allow the joystick lead to clear the keyboard. The instruction leaflet is as I like them, written in a simple step by step manner with diagrams - if you get it wrong it certainly won't be Protek's fault. My biggest criticism is the lack of a through-port, but with other devices available to compensate, it's not as drastic a problem as it used to be. Using this is a delight, even though most programmables are quickly and easily programmed, sometimes it doesn't seem worth the bother. With this one, compatibility is usually available at the flick of a switch. FIRMWARE PROGRAMMER INTERFACE £29.00 SOFTWARE PROGRAMMER INTERFACE £22.95 Voltmace Ltd. Two other interfaces unseen by us. One is programmable by using a two-way switch and the other by using a program on tape. The most interesting item that I've seen from this company must be their Delta 3 joystick, which has a rectangular base, three fire buttons (to allow for individual styles of holding the thing), and a fingertip type joystick at £10.00. PACE COMPUTING This company advertises a programmable interface for £26.00 which they say does not disable the keyboard and can be reprogrammed during a game. No further information is available so far. EAST LONDON ROBOTICS LTD. £15.00 Designed to be sold with their Trick Stick (of which we're still waiting for a review sample), it appears to be similar to the AGF programmable interface, in that flyleads which are connected to pins to mimic the keyboard are used. If bought with the Trick Stick, then it will only cost £10.00, which can't be bad! DK'TRONICS LTD. £22.95 This is Dk'Tronics deluxe interface and is programmable from the keyboard by using the switch provided on the top of the unit, or via the program supplied on tape. There is only one socket provided on this model, but as it is fully programmable there isn't any need for two separate sockets to cover the different methods of providing control. The socket is located on the top of the interface next to the switch. During operation, the keyboard is still enabled so that complex games requiring more than five keys to be pressed can still be played. At the time of going to press we haven't been able to obtain one because they're short of stocks, however Ms Green of the company assures me that by now their stockroom will be overflowing. The information given to me claims that movement in seventeen directions is possible, I will be most interested to put this through it's paces! A full through port is included and it is claimed to be microdrive compatible, the usual lip at the top of the Interface is there and I would also be interested in trying it for compatibility with one of their superb looking keyboards. PROTOCOL 4 AGF Hardware £30.95 The very latest unit from AGF, this is an interesting looking interface. It lies flat and is programmed by a set of reprogrammable cards which are snapped into place on the interface. The device is supplied with three pre-programmed cards to cover Kempston, Sinclair and Protek/AGF (cursor keys). An extra, blank card is supplied for your own use. This is a great advance on their older interfaces in style and ease of use, however, ZX81 owners will be pleased to know that AGF are to continue producing and selling their old units because, as Mr. Fosberry told me personally, the demand by ZX81 owners is as great as that from Spectrum owners. The unit has a full through port and amazingly, up to five of these can be connected and programmed individually for multiple control! The latest Quickshot II joystick is supported and the socket for the joystick is placed on the side of the unit. Yet another small but useful extra is a reset button to allow you to turn the computer on or off without having to pull the plug each time with the eventual problems this causes. Slightly expensive but for the dedicated games player probably well worth the money. ENDNOTES We covered as many interfaces as we could and I'd like to thank all the companies that sent us review units which allowed us to write a more comprehensive and detailed report. I do realise that as always, these are written by people who are giving their own opinions and you may or may not agree with them. Overall we have tried to give you an idea of what is available but really nothing substitutes for trying them for yourself at your nearest store. There are probably a few companies that we've missed, if they would like to write and tell is, we'll include them in our future features. Each review was written by the person named as the end, if no name appears then it was reviewed by myself - it's a hard life.

Sinclair User

CUSTOM-BUILT INTERFACE One of two programmable joystick interfaces for the Spectrum this month is from Custom Cable International, one of the backers of the Aquarius computer. The interface plugs into the back of the Spectrum and can accept any of the standard joysticks with an Atari-style plug. In common with many of the interfaces available there is no extender card on the back, so it must be the last add-on plugged in. Programming the interface is very straightforward. A tape has to be loaded and that asks if you wish to program each of the four directions and fire, in order, and then asks you to press the necessary key - in all, 10 key-presses plus two to confirm that everything is in order. The program, which takes only 15 seconds to load, is written entirely in Basic, which makes it very easy to customise for your use. The instructions, however, are sadly lacking in that respect. It is a good interface and priced very competitively at £15. It is reasonably easy to program using the given system but it could have been better if a little more thought had been paid to the end-user. Readers of Sinclair User may remember the light pen reviewed in the April issue. CCI has now taken over its marketing and has made three improvements. First, it now works - the review model defied all attempts. Second, it has the added facility to store screens in memory and to recall them, so that animated displays can be made; and, last, the price has been halved to £15. It is still not so accurate as it could be but it is adequate. Custom Cables International Ltd is at [redacted].